Regarding other metabolic outcomes, two studies of 38 animals (14 rats and 24 pigs) assessed effects on serum lipids18,22, while one study of 27 sheep, one study of 26 pigs, one study of 38 sheep, and two studies of 63 animals (37 sheep and 26 pigs) assessed effects on fat mass index [fat mass (kg)/(crown-rump length + hind limb length (m))2]16, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)17, insulin sensitivity16, fasting insulin concentrations and fasting plasma glucose concentrations16,17 respectively (Figs 5 and 6). This evidence concerns the gene INS and Insulin resistance.