Even though the exact mechanism as to how vitamin K1 improves insulin sensitivity and reduces glycemic status in type 2 diabetes remains unclear, studies have proposed that osteocalcin plays a crucial role in glucose metabolism by increasing the secretion of insulin, enhancing β islet cell proliferation and by increasing the expression of adiponectin in adipocytes, thereby increasing insulin sensitivity41–43. Here, INS is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.