For example, peptidoglycan from the L. salivarius strain Ls33 protected mice from chemical colitis in a nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD) 2-dependent, MyD88-independent fashion [60], and Lactobacillus plantarum protection during Pneumonia Virus of Mice (PVM) infection was also found to be MyD88 independent [18]. Here, MYD88 is linked to infection.