NQO1 and Balkan nephropathy: In this context, it is noteworthy that polymorphisms in the human NQO1 gene have been reported to be important in BEN patients and the NQO1*2 (C609T) genotype predisposed BEN patients to the development of urothelial cancer (Stiborova et al. 2016; Toncheva et al. 2004).