It has been reported that IL-1β and TNF-α increased the expression of TGF-β2 in human retinal pigment epithelial cells.35 Both IL-1β and TNF-α are highly expressed in invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC).36 Also, 90% of TNBCs are considered to be IDC.37 Therefore, TNBC cells may induce TGF-β2 expression in astrocytes through IL-1β and TNF-α produced by TNBC cells. Here, TNF is linked to invasive ductal breast carcinoma.