Functionally, studies have well proven that the 34 kDa Pim1 plays a crucial role in a wide range of cell processes and diseases, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, mitochondrial integrity, cellular senescence, myocardial injury, lupus nephritis and Alzheimer's disease through interaction, stabilization, and phosphorylation of many downstream targets29,31–38. This evidence concerns the gene PIM1 and lupus nephritis.