MTOR and cancer: In breast MCF-7 cancer cells, mTOR activates mitochondrial biogenesis by increasing TFAM (Figure 3A), mitochondrial ribosomal proteins, and some components of respiratory complex I (NDUFAF2, NDUFAF4, and NDUFS6) and ATPS (ATP5D, ATP5L, ATP5G1, ATP5O) [119].