PML and Down syndrome: Although the etiology for AML has not been clarified (except for the PML/RAR fusion gene in most M3 cases), several factors may be associated with the development of chAML: radiation, pesticide exposure during pregnancy, exposure to hair dyes, increased parental age, high birth weight, Down syndrome, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Fanconi anemia, increased parental ages, antibiotic application and neurofibromatosis 23-32.