We also observed a significant increase in NFKB2 (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) in HF alone and an enhanced increase in NFKB2 and NFKB1 in WD, suggesting that, in WD livers, there may be mtDNA-mediated inflammation via the toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) pathway (Figure 5e). Here, NFKB1 is linked to Wilson disease.