Multivariate analysis confirmed that brachiocephalic artery stenosis, CA, CAC, and osteopoenia/osteoporosis were not significant predictors of an adverse outcome in contrast to preoperative levels of serum osteopontin > 8.3 ng/mL, PTH > 49.1 pg/mL, smoking, alkaline phosphatase > 186 U/L, and osteocalcin > 26.8 ng/mL, which were associated with a 76.1-, 27.8, 18.4, 17.7-, and 8.3-fold higher risk of adverse outcome, respectively (Table 7). The gene discussed is PTH; the disease is osteoporosis.