PDCD1 and autoimmune disease: However, while these therapies have achieved clinical success in patients with various malignancies, blockades of CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 are associated with side effects known as irAEs that can resemble autoimmune disorders, including SLE, rheumatic arthritis (RA), thyroiditis, Stevens–Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis, colitis, pneumonitis, myocarditis, type 1 diabetes, etc. [7,77,78].