SCFAs influence the integrity of the gut mucosa by increasing epithelial integrity and production of mucus and influence the body's energy balance, inflammatory response, and protect against cancer.89,90,108 They are potent signaling molecules, affecting a number of G-protein-coupled receptors, resulting in such effects as increased glucagon-like peptide 1, leptin, and peptide YY; increased insulin sensitivity; increased energy expenditure; increased satiety; and protection against irritable bowel disease and cancer (reviewed by Koh, et al.108). Here, INS is linked to cancer.