TNF and infection: For instance, in the initial infection stage, Mycobacterium tuberculosis subcellular components activated M1 macrophage to produce pro‐inflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α), IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐12, nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and chemokines via TLR2 signalling.19 In NTM infection model, it has been reported that NTM‐induced different cytokine patterns depend on the strains of NTM which is related to the intracellular NTM growth rate.20, 21