TNF and infection: Indeed, high levels of cytokines and chemokines in cerebrospinal fluid, including TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, and IFN-γ, are associated with brain stem encephalitis and pulmonary oedema caused by EVA71 infection [41–43.] In this study, the expression levels of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IFN-γ were abnormally high after the lethal dose of CVA4 was administered to neonatal mice.