To measure the association between established SLE biomarkers and disease activity across the diverse SLE cohort, we first compared the prevalence of five autoantibodies (anti-dsDNA immunoglobulin [Ig] G, anti-nucleosome IgG, anti-Ro IgG, anti-La IgG, and anti-Sm IgG) used to diagnose and monitor SLE disease activity6,19,20, along with three IFN-inducible chemokines (IP-10, MCP-1, MIP-3β)11 and C3 across the combined cohort and the seven defined SLE manifestations. Here, CCL2 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.