In a lupus model in mice, administration of T cell targeting nanoparticles loaded with IL‐2 and TGFβ significantly expanded CD4+ and CD8+ Tregs that could reduce the disease.139 Cytokine therapies such as the one using IL‐34 has been shown to also modulate the Treg/Teff balance by differentiating monocytes into regulatory macrophages that could in turn induce CD8+ and CD4+ Tregs responsible for the long‐term tolerogenic effect.37 This evidence concerns the gene CD4 and systemic lupus erythematosus.