VEGFA and neoplasm: In more detail, the primary tumor cells were found to secrete pro-inflammatory factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) that, in turn, induce the expression of chemoattractants such as S100A8 and S100A9 (a calcium-binding protein family) [19,20,21].