ALB and bacterial urinary tract infection: For instance, patients with VH should receive renal function testing, imaging and urology referral for cystoscopy once a transient cause such as UTI has been excluded.43 Patients with persistent NVH should additionally receive a blood pressure check and urinary albumin-creatinine ratio as part of the evaluation.43 Given that the PPV of haematuria for urological cancer can be as high as 11%,44 lack of evaluation could lead to missed diagnoses.