Here, TLR3 results a robust and independent prognostic factor in a multivariate analysis together with other several clinical characteristics (histology, size, age, BMI, gender, smoke habits), and consideration of TLR3 expression both on tumor and immune cells, by using routinely un-expensive IHC approach, can help to identify high risk patients eligible for an adjuvant treatment among NSCLC stage I patients. This evidence concerns the gene TLR3 and non-small cell lung carcinoma.