Consistently, comparing immune infiltrate of NSCLC according with TLR3 expression, TLR3-s was found significantly associated with PD-1 on immune cells, whose interaction with its ligand PD-L1 on the tumor cells reduces function signals to prevent the immune system from attacking the tumor cells18,19, suggesting that TLR3 expression on immune cells infiltrating the tumor stroma might contribute to sustain an irresponsive immune environment. Here, TLR3 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.