TLR3 and cancer: In conclusion, our findings indicate that TLR3 is expressed on cancer cells and on immune cells of the majority of early-stage NSCLC patients with an opposite prognostic significance and highlight the value of measuring the levels of this receptor, both in tumor cells and infiltrating immune cells, to identify a subgroup of high risk patients, among early stage NSCLC, that expressing TLR3-s and not TLR3-t had a worse prognosis and for which adjuvant treatment would be beneficial.