NFKB1 and hepatocellular carcinoma: Considering the critical roles of ROS and ERK/p38 MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways within HCC, we hypothesize that koumine contributes to regulating the signaling pathways of NF-κB and ERK/p38 MAPK within HCC through the excessive production of ROS, therefore inhibiting HCC cell proliferation and promoting HCC cell apoptosis.