The receptors CD74 and CD44, as well as the co-receptors CXCR-2 and -4, were not significantly different between healthy subjects and CIS patients in the cell populations investigated, with the exception of CXCR4 that resulted significantly reduced in monocytes from CIS patients as compared to controls (Figure 1B–D). Here, CXCR4 is linked to in situ carcinoma.