BRAF and cancer: MEK and ERK mutations are rare, but almost 8% of all human cancers, including colorectal cancers (10%), papillary thyroid carcinomas (45%), serous ovarian tumors (~30%), non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) (5–10%) and melanomas (>50%) harbor an activating somatic mutation in the BRAF oncogene [57,58,59,60,61,62,63].