VTCN1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first clinical study reporting a potential role of B7-H4 expression as predictor of benefit from PD-1 blockade with nivolumab in NSCLC; in spite of the reported limitations, our findings strongly encourage future prospective studies designed to define and eventually confirm the predictive role of B7-H4 expression for patients receiving immune checkpoint blockade for advanced NSCLC.