In particular, the compounds directed against the programmed death protein 1 (PD-1) on T-cell surface or its ligand (PD-L1) on tumor cells have significantly improved overall survival (OS) of previously treated NSCLC patients compared to chemotherapy; similarly, treatment-naïve NSCLC patients with strong expression of PD-L1 achieved longer OS with PD-1 blockade compared to first-line chemotherapy [1,2]. Here, CD274 is linked to neoplasm.