Finally, Consoli et al. [31] observed in patients undergoing colon resection that the administration of Saccharomyces boulardii for one week decreased the mucosa expression of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-23A and the incidence rate of postoperative infections (38.8% in the placebo group versus 13.3% in the probiotic group). Here, IL1B is linked to infection.