PGK1 and neoplasm: We reported that the protein kinase activity of metabolic enzymes, such as PGK1 [14, 15, 34], pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) [35, 36], and ketohexokinase isoform A (KHK-A) [37], regulates the Warburg effect, gene expression, cell proliferation, and autophagy [28, 29].We previously found that mitochondrial PGK1 functions as a protein kinase to promote tumor cell proliferation and brain tumorigenesis [14].