To direct ADSCs toward the adipose lineage in vitro, they can be cultured in high-glucose Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, dexamethasone, isobutylmethylxanthine, insulin and indomethacin.44 Though there is potential risk of implanted ADSCs stimulating breast cancer recurrence, ADSCs have been isolated from breast tissue and abdomen of patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and demonstrated better adipogenic potential and improved oncological safety with decreased expression of cancer driver genes.31 Here, INS is linked to breast cancer.