Similar to our results above with treatment naïve GBM cells, we noted a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in cell viability when XAF1 was silenced in U251 TMZ-R cells, whereas XAF1 silencing had no significant impact on the viability of T98G TMZ-R cells treated with TMZ (Supplementary Fig. 4b). The gene discussed is XAF1; the disease is glioblastoma.