PPARG and infectious otitis media: Short-term AOM/DSS treatment resulted in colonic crypt hyperplasia, characterized by increased cell division leading to crypt elongation (Fig. 3D and E) and an elevated number of undifferentiated epithelial cells (Fig. 3F), as evidenced by increased epithelial transcript levels of Cdk1, a gene encoding a cyclin-dependent kinase involved in cell proliferation (20), and decreased epithelial transcript levels of Angptl4, a gene activated by (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) in terminally differentiated epithelial cells (21, 22).