Markers measured included T1D-specific autoantibodies; T-cell, monocyte, and NK cell subset frequencies and activation status (using flow cytometry); frequencies of both CD4 and CD8 antigen-specific T-cells; antigen-specific T-cell function (using ELISpot/FluoroSpot); and CBC. The gene discussed is CD8A; the disease is type 1 diabetes mellitus.