Most importantly, it was observed that the key TF IRF1 that regulated H1N1-induced cytokines production was activated by H1N1 but suppressed by H5N1 and H7N9, while the key TF IRF5 for regulation of cytokines production during infection of avian IAV was activated by H5N1 and H7N9 but suppressed by H1N1 (Figure 6B middle row). This evidence concerns the gene IRF5 and infection.