PIK3CA and thyroid cancer: Concomitantly, targeted therapies for advanced thyroid cancer have emerged, including FDA approved or investigational selective inhibitors of AKT1, ALK (15, 16), BRAF1 (16, 17), cKIT1, EGFR2, HRAS3,4,5,6 (18), KRAS2, 4, 5, 6,7,8,, MET1, mTOR (16, 19), NRAS1, 4, 5, 6, NTRK (15, 16, 20), PAX8/PPARG9, PIK3CA (PI3K) (21), PTEN1, RET (16, 22, 23), ROS1 (15, 16), and microsatellite instability-high or mismatch repair deficient solid tumors (24).