Although other components in the tumor microenvironment, including dendritic cells, macrophages, and exosomes, also express PD-L1 and might influence the total PD-L1 level in the tumor microenvironment (Johnson and Dong, 2017; Chen et al., 2018), our data suggest that immunological checkpoint inhibitors (such as anti-PD-L1 and anti-PD-1 antibodies) can be used with TFP to increase its effectiveness. Here, CD274 is linked to neoplasm.