NPPA and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Similar to the findings in mice with T1DM, the mRNA levels of the hypertrophic markers Nppa and Myh7 significantly increased in the hearts of mice with T2DM in comparison with control mice (Figure 4C, P < 0.05); both carvacrol and metformin, compared with vehicle-only treatment, markedly reduced the mRNA expression of these two hypertrophic markers in the mice with T2DM (Figure 4C, P < 0.05).