NPPA and type 1 diabetes mellitus: The present study validated our earlier finding (Yuan et al., 2016) that diabetes leads to cardiac remodeling and diastolic dysfunction in both mice with T1DM and T2DM; this finding was supported by the increased gene expression of cardiac hypertrophic markers (Nppa and Myh7), aggravation of cardiac fibrosis, and decreased E/A ratio in both types of diabetic mice.