It has long been thought that CAR-T cells cause CRS, but some studies have reported that this side effect is largely attributed to macrophages.34,35 Interestingly, in our study, we found that the levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNFα, IFNγ) in CAR-147 macrophage-treated mice were lower than those in control mice. Here, TNF is linked to congenital rubella syndrome.