It is noteworthy that, after correcting multiple hypothesis tests, we found that in this independent data set, the combination of TP53 and PTPRT (q = 0.026), or PTPRT (q = 0.001) mutations alone were enriched in metastasis compared with early GC (Fig. 2A, Supplementary Table S7), similar to those reported by Zheng Hu et al. in colorectal cancer27. Here, TP53 is linked to medical procedure.