Pre-treatment of infected cultures with ALK5 inhibitor prior to addition of TGF-β also resulted in low PS2 detection in CF cultures (Figure 7O,P) and induced a 54% inhibition in the number of PS2 positive nuclei when compared to TGF-β treated and uninfected peers (Figure 7Q). The gene discussed is TGFBR1; the disease is cystic fibrosis.