PAPPA and gestational diabetes: Similarly, women with a PAPP-A value <1 MoM were at increased risk to develop GDM (OR 1.26 (95% CI, 1.05–1.53), p = 0.014) (Table 3), whereas a β-hCG value >2 MoM showed a protective effect against the risk of GDM (OR 0.66 (95% CI, 0.47–0.92), p = 0.014) (Table 3).