AFDN and infection: However, when the mutant was complemented (EPECΔespF‐pespF), both infected HT‐29 (Figure 10i–l) and MDCK (Figure 10u–x) cells showed ZO‐1 and afadin colocalization into the pedestal structures and again these pedestals were clearly bigger than those produced by EPEC wild type (Figure 10p vs. x) due to espF expression in trans, as we previously showed during the infection by REPEC (Peralta‐Ramirez et al., 2008).