Remarkably, the infection of both HT‐29 (Figure 10e–h) and MDCK (Figure 10q–t) cells with EPECΔespF did not cause this colocalization of ZO‐1 and afadin into the pedestal structures and these pedestals were visibly smaller than those induced by EPEC wild type (i.e., Figure 10p vs. Figure 10t). This evidence concerns the gene AFDN and infection.