TNF and non-small cell lung carcinoma: For instance, overexpressed miR‐124a reduced the expression of MCP‐1, miR‐16 suppressed the epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) induced by TGF‐β1 in non–small‐cell lung carcinoma cells (NSCLC) and miR‐16 decreased the expression of TNF by Bcl‐2 in liver failure.30, 31, 32 Additionally, increased miR‐16‐1 and TNF‐α expression has been detected in the astrocytes of epilepsy mice,33 which although contradictory to the findings of our study, emphasized the regulatory role of miR‐16 and TNF‐α.