AHSG and atherosclerosis: Atherosclerosis and vascular calcification are complicated dynamic processes related to the regulation of oxidized lipids, leptin, bone matrix proteins (osteopontin, osteocalcin, and bone morphogenetic protein), calcification inhibitors (osteoprotegerin, matrix Gla protein, and fetuin-A), osteogene expression, and inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, CRP, and CD40-CD154) [11, 13, 47–50].