For instance, Kinase Suppressor of Ras 1 (KSR1) was upregulated following infection, and KSR1 encodes for a scaffolding protein which can localize to the plasma membrane and complex with B-Raf and MEK, promoting the phosphorylation of Rafs and activation of ERK1 and ERK2 [55]. This evidence concerns the gene MAPK3 and infection.