Combination treatment of X-ray irradiation with TLR2-YAP-HIF-1α pathway inhibitors prevented tumor relapse (Fig. 6d), indicating that inhibiting the HMGB1-TLR2-YAP-HIF-1α pathway blocked radiotherapy-induced dedifferentiation of primary tumor cells and also prevents tumor relapse. Here, TLR2 is linked to neoplasm.