INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: While measurement of islet autoantibodies can assist classification, many patients with type 1 diabetes are islet autoantibody negative and many patients with the clinical phenotype of type 2 diabetes, without rapid insulin requirement, are islet autoantibody-positive.17 A Type 1 Diabetes Genetic Risk score (T1D GRS) has been recently shown to assist diagnosis of diabetes type but this provides imperfect discrimination in isolation.18