ALK and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Indeed, assessment of mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and BRAF genes, rearrangements of anaplastic lymphoma kinase ALK and of proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase (ROS1), and expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is mandatory for the choice of the appropriate therapies in patients with advanced NSCLC [1].