TNF and cancer: The pro-inflammatory effects of TNFα are mediated by several NF-κB-induced effectors, including the interleukins IL-6, IL-8, and IL-18, chemokines, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), through a regulatory network, which links inflammation to cancer progression and metastasis [169,170,171].