In a three-dimensional (3D) cell culture system in which lung cells were co-stimulated with TNFα and TGFβ, non-small lung cancer (NSCLC) spheroid cultures display elevated expression of EMT-TFs such as Twist1, Snail1, Slug, and Zeb2, in an NF-κB-dependent manner, and are highly invasive and metastatic [182]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.