The role of ATF3 in particular has been studied in the context of type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, diabetic cardiomyopathy, atherosclerosis, and obesity, with some authors suggesting it may have both detrimental and beneficial functions related to insulin resistance, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation in response to high-fat diets [22,67,95,96,97,98,99,100]. This evidence concerns the gene ATF3 and atherosclerosis.