ATF3 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: The role of ATF3 in particular has been studied in the context of type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, diabetic cardiomyopathy, atherosclerosis, and obesity, with some authors suggesting it may have both detrimental and beneficial functions related to insulin resistance, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation in response to high-fat diets [22,67,95,96,97,98,99,100].