TARDBP and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Although the redistribution of TDP-43 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm is generally considered to cause loss of TDP-43 nuclear function [32], some studies have found that nuclear depletion is not necessary for neuronal toxicity induced by ALS-associated mutant TDP-43 [10, 13], and that cytoplasmic mutant TDP-43 has an important role in neurodegeneration [17].