TAAR1 and chronic hepatitis C virus infection: Along the same line, treatment of PBMCs from patients with chronic hepatitis C with Tα1 increased Th1 and decreased Th2 cytokines, an effect that was potentiated by combined treatment with Tα1 and IFNα, including the synthesis of the antiviral protein 2′,5′-oligoadenylate synthetase (61).