Similarly, a randomized controlled trial in the subpopulation of patients infected with pre-core mutants as in Andreone et al. (43), could not identify increased response rates with Tα1, although a reduction of immune-mediated liver cell necrosis was likely present (47), thus raising doubts regarding the possible use of Tα1 as monotherapy in chronic hepatitis B. This evidence concerns the gene TAAR1 and chronic hepatitis B virus infection.