Thirteen of these genes are associated with risk of hypospadias and/or syndromes that include abnormal gonadal/genital development, whereas MAML1 is unrelated, MAML3 has been proposed to be associated with female gonadal development and PROP1 has only been associated with anterior pituitary insufficiency/hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Here, PROP1 is linked to hypospadias.