Among the 41 genes, 16 have been previously reported in humans with hypospadias (ATF3, BNC2, CYP1A1, EMX2, EYA1, FLNA, GLI3, GRID1, GLI2,, FGF10, HOXA13, HSD3B2, IRX5, IRX6, PPARGC1B and WDR11 (Table 2); 8 have been related to cryptorchidism (BNC2, FLNA, RET, RECQL4, NRP1, PTPN11, RIPK4 and ZBTB16), and 5 genes have been found in patients with micropenis (BNC2, EVC, FGF10, RIPK4 and ZBTB16). Here, ATF3 is linked to hypospadias.