CD8A and neoplasm: Next to a reduced frequency and activity of immune effector cells, such as CD8+ T cells, NK cells, an increased frequency of immune suppressive cells, such as tumor associated neutrophils (TANs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), tumor associated macrophages (TAM), tumor associated fibroblasts (TAF), regulatory T cells (Treg), and stroma cells leading to a complex interaction network of heterogeneous immune and non-immune cell populations with overlapping and opposite functions (46).